โ–ธโ–ธ
  • ๐Ÿ‡ฌ๐Ÿ‡ง Gold
  • ๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ฆ ะ—ะพะปะพั‚ะพ
  • ๐Ÿ‡จ๐Ÿ‡ณ ้‡‘
  • ๐Ÿ‡ณ๐Ÿ‡ฑ Goud
  • ๐Ÿ‡ซ๐Ÿ‡ท Or
  • ๐Ÿ‡ฉ๐Ÿ‡ช Gold
  • ๐Ÿ‡ฎ๐Ÿ‡ฑ ื–ื”ื‘
  • ๐Ÿ‡ฎ๐Ÿ‡น Oro
  • ๐Ÿ‡ฏ๐Ÿ‡ต ้‡‘
  • ๐Ÿ‡ต๐Ÿ‡น Ouro
  • ๐Ÿ‡ช๐Ÿ‡ธ Oro
  • ๐Ÿ‡ธ๐Ÿ‡ช Guld
  • ๐Ÿ‡ท๐Ÿ‡บ ะ—ะพะปะพั‚ะพ

Gold - 79Au: properties of free atoms

Gold atoms have 79 electrons and the shell structure is  2.8.18.32.18.1.

The ground state electron configuration of ground state gaseous neutral gold is  [Xe].4f14.5d10.6s1 and the term symbol is  2S1/2.

Kossel shell structure of gold
Schematic electronic configuration of gold.
Kossel shell structure of gold
The Kossel shell structure of gold.

Atomic spectrum

 

A representation of the atomic spectrum of gold.

Ionisation Energies and electron affinity

The electron affinity of gold is 222.8 kJ mol‑1. The ionisation energies of gold are given below.

Ionisation energies of gold
Ionisation energy number Enthalpy / kJ mol‑1
1st890.13
2nd1949.3
3rd2890
4th4340
5th5790
6th7140
7th9070
8th10800
9th12600
10th14400
11th16200
12th23900 (inferred)
13th26500
14th28800
15th31300
16th35200
17th37800
18th41800
19th47000
20th50200
21st53100
Ionisation energies of gold
Ionisation energies of gold.

Effective Nuclear Charges

The following are "Clementi-Raimondi" effective nuclear charges, Zeff. Follow the hyperlinks for more details and for graphs in various formats.

Effective nuclear charges for gold
1s77.48  
2s58.37 2p74.51  
3s55.76 3p56.70 3d65.51  
4s44.41 4p43.55 4d41.53 4f40.65
5s27.33 5p25.17 5d20.13  
6s10.94 6p(no data)  
7s   

References

These effective nuclear charges, Zeff, are adapted from the following references:

  1. E. Clementi and D.L.Raimondi, J. Chem. Phys. 1963, 38, 2686.
  2. E. Clementi, D.L.Raimondi, and W.P. Reinhardt, J. Chem. Phys. 1967, 47, 1300.

Electron binding energies

Electron binding energies for gold. All values of electron binding energies are given in eV. The binding energies are quoted relative to the vacuum level for rare gases and H2, N2, O2, F2, and Cl2 molecules; relative to the Fermi level for metals; and relative to the top of the valence band for semiconductors.
Label Orbital eV [literature reference]
K 1s80725 [1]
L I2s14353 [1]
L II2p1/213734 [1]
L III2p3/211919 [1]
M I3s3425 [1]
M II3p1/23148 [1]
M III3p3/22743 [1]
M IV3d3/22291 [1]
M V3d5/22206 [1]
N I4s762.1 [3]
N II4p1/2642.7 [3]
N III4p3/2546.3 [3]
N IV4d3/2353.2 [3]
N V4d5/2335.1 [3]
N VI4f5/287.6 [3]
N VII4f7/283.9 [3]
O I5s107.2 [2, values derived from reference 1]
O II5p1/274.2 [3]
O III5p3/257.2 [3]

Notes

I am grateful to Gwyn Williams (Jefferson Laboratory, Virginia, USA) who provided the electron binding energy data. The data are adapted from references 1-3. They are tabulated elsewhere on the WWW (reference 4) and in paper form (reference 5).

References

  1. J. A. Bearden and A. F. Burr, "Reevaluation of X-Ray Atomic Energy Levels," Rev. Mod. Phys., 1967, 39, 125.
  2. M. Cardona and L. Ley, Eds., Photoemission in Solids I: General Principles (Springer-Verlag, Berlin) with additional corrections, 1978.
  3. Gwyn Williams WWW table of values
  4. D.R. Lide, (Ed.) in Chemical Rubber Company handbook of chemistry and physics, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA, 81st edition, 2000.
  5. J. C. Fuggle and N. Mårtensson, "Core-Level Binding Energies in Metals," J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom., 1980, 21, 275.