โ–ธโ–ธ
  • ๐Ÿ‡ฌ๐Ÿ‡ง Palladium
  • ๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ฆ ะŸะฐะปะฐะดั–ะน
  • ๐Ÿ‡จ๐Ÿ‡ณ ้ˆ€
  • ๐Ÿ‡ณ๐Ÿ‡ฑ Palladium
  • ๐Ÿ‡ซ๐Ÿ‡ท Palladium
  • ๐Ÿ‡ฉ๐Ÿ‡ช Palladium
  • ๐Ÿ‡ฎ๐Ÿ‡ฑ ืคืœื“ื™ื•ื
  • ๐Ÿ‡ฎ๐Ÿ‡น Palladio
  • ๐Ÿ‡ฏ๐Ÿ‡ต ใƒ‘ใƒฉใ‚ธใ‚ฆใƒ 
  • ๐Ÿ‡ต๐Ÿ‡น Paládio
  • ๐Ÿ‡ช๐Ÿ‡ธ Paladio
  • ๐Ÿ‡ธ๐Ÿ‡ช Palladium
  • ๐Ÿ‡ท๐Ÿ‡บ ะŸะฐะปะปะฐะดะธะน

Palladium - 46Pd: properties of free atoms

Palladium atoms have 46 electrons and the shell structure is  2.8.18.18.0.

The ground state electron configuration of ground state gaseous neutral palladium is  [Kr].4d10 and the term symbol is  1S0.

Kossel shell structure of palladium
Schematic electronic configuration of palladium.
Kossel shell structure of palladium
The Kossel shell structure of palladium.

Atomic spectrum

 

A representation of the atomic spectrum of palladium.

Ionisation Energies and electron affinity

The electron affinity of palladium is 53.7 kJ mol‑1. The ionisation energies of palladium are given below.

Ionisation energies of palladium
Ionisation energy number Enthalpy / kJ mol‑1
1st804.38
2nd1875
3rd3177
4th4438
5th5886
6th8114
7th9745
8th11580
9th13600
10th15430
11th23020
12th25090 (calculated)
13th27600
14th30000
15th33000
16th35600
17th41200
18th44100
19th78200
20th83800
21st90000
Ionisation energies of palladium
Ionisation energies of palladium.

Effective Nuclear Charges

The following are "Clementi-Raimondi" effective nuclear charges, Zeff. Follow the hyperlinks for more details and for graphs in various formats.

Effective nuclear charges for palladium
1s45.06  
2s33.88 2p41.93  
3s29.22 3p29.02 3d31.45  
4s18.99 4p17.72 4d13.62 4f(no data)
5s0.00 5p(no data) 5d(no data)  
6s(no data) 6p(no data)  
7s   

References

These effective nuclear charges, Zeff, are adapted from the following references:

  1. E. Clementi and D.L.Raimondi, J. Chem. Phys. 1963, 38, 2686.
  2. E. Clementi, D.L.Raimondi, and W.P. Reinhardt, J. Chem. Phys. 1967, 47, 1300.

Electron binding energies

Electron binding energies for palladium. All values of electron binding energies are given in eV. The binding energies are quoted relative to the vacuum level for rare gases and H2, N2, O2, F2, and Cl2 molecules; relative to the Fermi level for metals; and relative to the top of the valence band for semiconductors.
Label Orbital eV [literature reference]
K 1s24350 [1]
L I2s3604 [1]
L II2p1/23330 [1]
L III2p3/23173 [1]
M I3s671.6 [3]
M II3p1/2559.9 [3]
M III3p3/2532.3 [3]
M IV3d3/2340.5 [3]
M V3d5/2335.2 [3]
N I4s87.1 [2, values derived from reference 1]
N II4p1/255.7 [3, one-particle approximation not valid owing to short core-hole lifetime]
N III4p3/250.9 [3]

Notes

I am grateful to Gwyn Williams (Jefferson Laboratory, Virginia, USA) who provided the electron binding energy data. The data are adapted from references 1-3. They are tabulated elsewhere on the WWW (reference 4) and in paper form (reference 5).

References

  1. J. A. Bearden and A. F. Burr, "Reevaluation of X-Ray Atomic Energy Levels," Rev. Mod. Phys., 1967, 39, 125.
  2. M. Cardona and L. Ley, Eds., Photoemission in Solids I: General Principles (Springer-Verlag, Berlin) with additional corrections, 1978.
  3. Gwyn Williams WWW table of values
  4. D.R. Lide, (Ed.) in Chemical Rubber Company handbook of chemistry and physics, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA, 81st edition, 2000.
  5. J. C. Fuggle and N. Mårtensson, "Core-Level Binding Energies in Metals," J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom., 1980, 21, 275.