โ–ธโ–ธ
  • ๐Ÿ‡ฌ๐Ÿ‡ง Beryllium
  • ๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ฆ ะ‘ะตั€ะธะปั–ะน
  • ๐Ÿ‡จ๐Ÿ‡ณ ้ˆน
  • ๐Ÿ‡ณ๐Ÿ‡ฑ Beryllium
  • ๐Ÿ‡ซ๐Ÿ‡ท Béryllium
  • ๐Ÿ‡ฉ๐Ÿ‡ช Beryllium
  • ๐Ÿ‡ฎ๐Ÿ‡ฑ ื‘ืจื™ืœื™ื•ื
  • ๐Ÿ‡ฎ๐Ÿ‡น Berillio
  • ๐Ÿ‡ฏ๐Ÿ‡ต ใƒ™ใƒชใƒชใ‚ฆใƒ 
  • ๐Ÿ‡ต๐Ÿ‡น Berílio
  • ๐Ÿ‡ช๐Ÿ‡ธ Berilio
  • ๐Ÿ‡ธ๐Ÿ‡ช Beryllium
  • ๐Ÿ‡ท๐Ÿ‡บ ะ‘ะตั€ะธะปะปะธะน

Beryllium - 4Be: properties of free atoms

Beryllium atoms have 4 electrons and the shell structure is  2.2.

The ground state electron configuration of ground state gaseous neutral beryllium is  [He].2s2 and the term symbol is  1S0.

Kossel shell structure of beryllium
Schematic electronic configuration of beryllium.
Kossel shell structure of beryllium
The Kossel shell structure of beryllium.

Atomic spectrum

 

A representation of the atomic spectrum of beryllium.

Ionisation Energies and electron affinity

The electron affinity of beryllium is 0 kJ mol‑1. The ionisation energies of beryllium are given below.

Ionisation energies of beryllium
Ionisation energy number Enthalpy / kJ mol‑1
1st899.50
2nd1757.11
3rd14848.72
4th21006.64
Ionisation energies of beryllium
Ionisation energies of beryllium.

Effective Nuclear Charges

The following are "Clementi-Raimondi" effective nuclear charges, Zeff. Follow the hyperlinks for more details and for graphs in various formats.

Effective nuclear charges for beryllium
1s3.6848  
2s1.91 2p(no data)  
3s(no data) 3p(no data) 3d(no data)  
4s(no data) 4p(no data) 4d(no data) 4f(no data)
5s(no data) 5p(no data) 5d(no data)  
6s(no data) 6p(no data)  
7s   

References

These effective nuclear charges, Zeff, are adapted from the following references:

  1. E. Clementi and D.L.Raimondi, J. Chem. Phys. 1963, 38, 2686.
  2. E. Clementi, D.L.Raimondi, and W.P. Reinhardt, J. Chem. Phys. 1967, 47, 1300.

Electron binding energies

Electron binding energies for beryllium. All values of electron binding energies are given in eV. The binding energies are quoted relative to the vacuum level for rare gases and H2, N2, O2, F2, and Cl2 molecules; relative to the Fermi level for metals; and relative to the top of the valence band for semiconductors.
Label Orbital eV [literature reference]
K 1s111.5 [2]

Notes

I am grateful to Gwyn Williams (Jefferson Laboratory, Virginia, USA) who provided the electron binding energy data. The data are adapted from references 1-3. They are tabulated elsewhere on the WWW (reference 4) and in paper form (reference 5).

References

  1. J. A. Bearden and A. F. Burr, "Reevaluation of X-Ray Atomic Energy Levels," Rev. Mod. Phys., 1967, 39, 125.
  2. M. Cardona and L. Ley, Eds., Photoemission in Solids I: General Principles (Springer-Verlag, Berlin) with additional corrections, 1978.
  3. Gwyn Williams WWW table of values
  4. D.R. Lide, (Ed.) in Chemical Rubber Company handbook of chemistry and physics, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA, 81st edition, 2000.
  5. J. C. Fuggle and N. Mårtensson, "Core-Level Binding Energies in Metals," J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom., 1980, 21, 275.