โ–ธโ–ธ
  • ๐Ÿ‡ฌ๐Ÿ‡ง Rubidium
  • ๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ฆ ะ ัƒะฑั–ะดั–ะน
  • ๐Ÿ‡จ๐Ÿ‡ณ ้Šฃ
  • ๐Ÿ‡ณ๐Ÿ‡ฑ Rubidium
  • ๐Ÿ‡ซ๐Ÿ‡ท Rubidium
  • ๐Ÿ‡ฉ๐Ÿ‡ช Rubidium
  • ๐Ÿ‡ฎ๐Ÿ‡ฑ ืจื•ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื•ื
  • ๐Ÿ‡ฎ๐Ÿ‡น Rubidio
  • ๐Ÿ‡ฏ๐Ÿ‡ต ใƒซใƒ“ใ‚ธใ‚ฆใƒ 
  • ๐Ÿ‡ต๐Ÿ‡น Rubídio
  • ๐Ÿ‡ช๐Ÿ‡ธ Rubidio
  • ๐Ÿ‡ธ๐Ÿ‡ช Rubidium
  • ๐Ÿ‡ท๐Ÿ‡บ ะ ัƒะฑะธะดะธะน

Rubidium - 37Rb: properties of free atoms

Rubidium atoms have 37 electrons and the shell structure is  2.8.18.8.1.

The ground state electron configuration of ground state gaseous neutral rubidium is  [Kr].5s1 and the term symbol is  2S1/2.

Kossel shell structure of rubidium
Schematic electronic configuration of rubidium.
Kossel shell structure of rubidium
The Kossel shell structure of rubidium.

Atomic spectrum

 

A representation of the atomic spectrum of rubidium.

Ionisation Energies and electron affinity

The electron affinity of rubidium is 46.9 kJ mol‑1. The ionisation energies of rubidium are given below.

Ionisation energies of rubidium
Ionisation energy number Enthalpy / kJ mol‑1
1st403.03
2nd2633.04
3rd3786.8
4th5037
5th6603
6th7999
7th9520
8th12810
9th14530
10th26740
11th30210
12th34350 (calculated)
13th38600
14th42700
15th48400
16th53100
17th58000
18th63100
19th68100
20th82700
21st87300
Ionisation energies of rubidium
Ionisation energies of rubidium.

Effective Nuclear Charges

The following are "Clementi-Raimondi" effective nuclear charges, Zeff. Follow the hyperlinks for more details and for graphs in various formats.

Effective nuclear charges for rubidium
1s36.21  
2s27.16 2p33.04  
3s21.84 3p21.30 3d21.68  
4s12.39 4p10.88 4d(no data) 4f(no data)
5s4.98 5p(no data) 5d(no data)  
6s(no data) 6p(no data)  
7s   

References

These effective nuclear charges, Zeff, are adapted from the following references:

  1. E. Clementi and D.L.Raimondi, J. Chem. Phys. 1963, 38, 2686.
  2. E. Clementi, D.L.Raimondi, and W.P. Reinhardt, J. Chem. Phys. 1967, 47, 1300.

Electron binding energies

Electron binding energies for rubidium. All values of electron binding energies are given in eV. The binding energies are quoted relative to the vacuum level for rare gases and H2, N2, O2, F2, and Cl2 molecules; relative to the Fermi level for metals; and relative to the top of the valence band for semiconductors.
Label Orbital eV [literature reference]
K 1s15200 [1]
L I2s2065 [1]
L II2p1/21864 [1]
L III2p3/21804 [1]
M I3s326.7 [2]
M II3p1/2248.7 [2]
M III3p3/2239.1 [2]
M IV3d3/2113 [2]
M V3d5/2112 [2]
N I4s30.5 [2]
N II4p1/216.3 [2]
N III4p3/215.3 [2]

Notes

I am grateful to Gwyn Williams (Jefferson Laboratory, Virginia, USA) who provided the electron binding energy data. The data are adapted from references 1-3. They are tabulated elsewhere on the WWW (reference 4) and in paper form (reference 5).

References

  1. J. A. Bearden and A. F. Burr, "Reevaluation of X-Ray Atomic Energy Levels," Rev. Mod. Phys., 1967, 39, 125.
  2. M. Cardona and L. Ley, Eds., Photoemission in Solids I: General Principles (Springer-Verlag, Berlin) with additional corrections, 1978.
  3. Gwyn Williams WWW table of values
  4. D.R. Lide, (Ed.) in Chemical Rubber Company handbook of chemistry and physics, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA, 81st edition, 2000.
  5. J. C. Fuggle and N. Mårtensson, "Core-Level Binding Energies in Metals," J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom., 1980, 21, 275.