โ–ธโ–ธ
  • ๐Ÿ‡ฌ๐Ÿ‡ง Yttrium
  • ๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ฆ Iั‚ั€ั–ะน
  • ๐Ÿ‡จ๐Ÿ‡ณ ้‡”
  • ๐Ÿ‡ณ๐Ÿ‡ฑ Yttrium
  • ๐Ÿ‡ซ๐Ÿ‡ท Yttrium
  • ๐Ÿ‡ฉ๐Ÿ‡ช Yttrium
  • ๐Ÿ‡ฎ๐Ÿ‡ฑ ืื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื
  • ๐Ÿ‡ฎ๐Ÿ‡น Ittrio
  • ๐Ÿ‡ฏ๐Ÿ‡ต ใ‚คใƒƒใƒˆใƒชใ‚ฆใƒ 
  • ๐Ÿ‡ต๐Ÿ‡น Ítrio
  • ๐Ÿ‡ช๐Ÿ‡ธ Ytrio
  • ๐Ÿ‡ธ๐Ÿ‡ช Yttrium
  • ๐Ÿ‡ท๐Ÿ‡บ ะ˜ั‚ั‚ั€ะธะน

Yttrium - 39Y: properties of free atoms

Yttrium atoms have 39 electrons and the shell structure is  2.8.18.9.2.

The ground state electron configuration of ground state gaseous neutral yttrium is  [Kr].4d1.5s2 and the term symbol is  2D3/2.

Kossel shell structure of yttrium
Schematic electronic configuration of yttrium.
Kossel shell structure of yttrium
The Kossel shell structure of yttrium.

Atomic spectrum

 

A representation of the atomic spectrum of yttrium.

Ionisation Energies and electron affinity

The electron affinity of yttrium is 29.6 kJ mol‑1. The ionisation energies of yttrium are given below.

Ionisation energies of yttrium
Ionisation energy number Enthalpy / kJ mol‑1
1st599.87
2nd1179.40
3rd1980.30
4th5847.7
5th7270
6th8818
7th10620
8th12250
9th14050
10th17920
11th19860
12th36090
13th39900
14th44700
15th49400
16th53900
17th60200
18th65300
19th70700
20th76200
21st81700
Ionisation energies of yttrium
Ionisation energies of yttrium.

Effective Nuclear Charges

The following are "Clementi-Raimondi" effective nuclear charges, Zeff. Follow the hyperlinks for more details and for graphs in various formats.

Effective nuclear charges for yttrium
1s38.18  
2s28.62 2p35.00  
3s23.55 3p23.09 3d25.40  
4s14.26 4p12.75 4d15.96 4f(no data)
5s6.26 5p(no data) 5d(no data)  
6s(no data) 6p(no data)  
7s   

References

These effective nuclear charges, Zeff, are adapted from the following references:

  1. E. Clementi and D.L.Raimondi, J. Chem. Phys. 1963, 38, 2686.
  2. E. Clementi, D.L.Raimondi, and W.P. Reinhardt, J. Chem. Phys. 1967, 47, 1300.

Electron binding energies

Electron binding energies for yttrium. All values of electron binding energies are given in eV. The binding energies are quoted relative to the vacuum level for rare gases and H2, N2, O2, F2, and Cl2 molecules; relative to the Fermi level for metals; and relative to the top of the valence band for semiconductors.
Label Orbital eV [literature reference]
K 1s17038 [1]
L I2s2373 [1]
L II2p1/22156 [1]
L III2p3/22080 [1]
M I3s392 [2, values derived from reference 1]
M II3p1/2310.6 [2]
M III3p3/2298.8 [2]
M IV3d3/2157.7 [3]
M V3d5/2155.8 [3]
N I4s43.8 [2]
N II4p1/224.4 [2]
N III4p3/223.1 [2]

Notes

I am grateful to Gwyn Williams (Jefferson Laboratory, Virginia, USA) who provided the electron binding energy data. The data are adapted from references 1-3. They are tabulated elsewhere on the WWW (reference 4) and in paper form (reference 5).

References

  1. J. A. Bearden and A. F. Burr, "Reevaluation of X-Ray Atomic Energy Levels," Rev. Mod. Phys., 1967, 39, 125.
  2. M. Cardona and L. Ley, Eds., Photoemission in Solids I: General Principles (Springer-Verlag, Berlin) with additional corrections, 1978.
  3. Gwyn Williams WWW table of values
  4. D.R. Lide, (Ed.) in Chemical Rubber Company handbook of chemistry and physics, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA, 81st edition, 2000.
  5. J. C. Fuggle and N. Mårtensson, "Core-Level Binding Energies in Metals," J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom., 1980, 21, 275.