โ–ธโ–ธ
  • ๐Ÿ‡ฌ๐Ÿ‡ง Hafnium
  • ๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ฆ ะ“ะฐั„ะฝั–ะน
  • ๐Ÿ‡จ๐Ÿ‡ณ ้‰ฟ
  • ๐Ÿ‡ณ๐Ÿ‡ฑ Hafnium
  • ๐Ÿ‡ซ๐Ÿ‡ท Hafnium
  • ๐Ÿ‡ฉ๐Ÿ‡ช Hafnium
  • ๐Ÿ‡ฎ๐Ÿ‡ฑ ื”ืคื ื™ื•ื
  • ๐Ÿ‡ฎ๐Ÿ‡น Afnio
  • ๐Ÿ‡ฏ๐Ÿ‡ต ใƒใƒ•ใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ 
  • ๐Ÿ‡ต๐Ÿ‡น Háfnio
  • ๐Ÿ‡ช๐Ÿ‡ธ Hafnio
  • ๐Ÿ‡ธ๐Ÿ‡ช Hafnium
  • ๐Ÿ‡ท๐Ÿ‡บ ะ“ะฐั„ะฝะธะน

Hafnium - 72Hf: properties of free atoms

Hafnium atoms have 72 electrons and the shell structure is  2.8.18.32.10.2.

The ground state electron configuration of ground state gaseous neutral hafnium is  [Xe].4f14.5d2.6s2 and the term symbol is  3F2.

Kossel shell structure of hafnium
Schematic electronic configuration of hafnium.
Kossel shell structure of hafnium
The Kossel shell structure of hafnium.

Atomic spectrum

 

A representation of the atomic spectrum of hafnium.

Ionisation Energies and electron affinity

The electron affinity of hafnium is >= 10 kJ mol‑1. The ionisation energies of hafnium are given below.

Ionisation energies of hafnium
Ionisation energy number Enthalpy / kJ mol‑1
1st658.52
2nd1410
3rd2176
4th3220
5th6600
6th9460
7th11400
8th13200
9th15100
10th18000
11th20200
12th22200 (calculated)
13th26100
14th29900
15th32200
16th34600
17th38500
18th42500
19th46400
20th50200
21st55000
Ionisation energies of hafnium
Ionisation energies of hafnium.

Effective Nuclear Charges

The following are "Clementi-Raimondi" effective nuclear charges, Zeff. Follow the hyperlinks for more details and for graphs in various formats.

Effective nuclear charges for hafnium
1s70.60  
2s53.19 2p67.60  
3s50.31 3p50.98 3d58.43  
4s38.98 4p37.93 4d35.52 4f32.21
5s21.83 5p19.59 5d16.62  
6s9.16 6p(no data)  
7s   

References

These effective nuclear charges, Zeff, are adapted from the following references:

  1. E. Clementi and D.L.Raimondi, J. Chem. Phys. 1963, 38, 2686.
  2. E. Clementi, D.L.Raimondi, and W.P. Reinhardt, J. Chem. Phys. 1967, 47, 1300.

Electron binding energies

Electron binding energies for hafnium. All values of electron binding energies are given in eV. The binding energies are quoted relative to the vacuum level for rare gases and H2, N2, O2, F2, and Cl2 molecules; relative to the Fermi level for metals; and relative to the top of the valence band for semiconductors.
Label Orbital eV [literature reference]
K 1s65351 [1]
L I2s11271 [1]
L II2p1/210739 [1]
L III2p3/29561 [1]
M I3s2601 [1]
M II3p1/22365 [1]
M III3p3/22107 [1]
M IV3d3/21716 [1]
M V3d5/21662 [1]
N I4s538 [2]
N II4p1/2438.2 [3]
N III4p3/2380.7 [3]
N IV4d3/2220 [3]
N V4d5/2211.5 [3]
N VI4f5/215.9 [3]
N VII4f7/214.2 [3]
O I5s64.2 [3]
O II5p1/238 [2]
O III5p3/229.9 [3]

Notes

I am grateful to Gwyn Williams (Jefferson Laboratory, Virginia, USA) who provided the electron binding energy data. The data are adapted from references 1-3. They are tabulated elsewhere on the WWW (reference 4) and in paper form (reference 5).

References

  1. J. A. Bearden and A. F. Burr, "Reevaluation of X-Ray Atomic Energy Levels," Rev. Mod. Phys., 1967, 39, 125.
  2. M. Cardona and L. Ley, Eds., Photoemission in Solids I: General Principles (Springer-Verlag, Berlin) with additional corrections, 1978.
  3. Gwyn Williams WWW table of values
  4. D.R. Lide, (Ed.) in Chemical Rubber Company handbook of chemistry and physics, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA, 81st edition, 2000.
  5. J. C. Fuggle and N. Mårtensson, "Core-Level Binding Energies in Metals," J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom., 1980, 21, 275.