Electronegativity (Mulliken-Jaffe - sp)

R.S. Mulliken proposed an electronegativity scale in which the Mulliken electronegativity, ΧM is related to the electron affinity EAv (a measure of the tendency of an atom to form a negative species) and the ionization potential IEv (a measure of the tendency of an atom to form a positive species) by the equation:

ΧM = (IEv + EAv)/2

The subscript v denotes a specific valence state - so for trigonal boron compounds, a values of electronegativity can be defined for sp2 hybrid orbitals. If the values of IE and EA are in units of MJ mol-1, then the Mulliken electronegativity ΧM can be expressed on the Pauling scale by the relationship:

ΧM = 3.48[(IEv + EAv)/2 - 0.602]

Image showing periodicity of the chemical elements for electronegativity (Mulliken-Jaffe - sp) in a periodic table cityscape style.
Image showing periodicity of the chemical elements for electronegativity (Mulliken-Jaffe - sp) in a periodic table cityscape style.
Image showing periodicity of the chemical elements for electronegativity (Mulliken-Jaffe - sp) in a periodic table heatscape style.
Image showing periodicity of the chemical elements for electronegativity (Mulliken-Jaffe - sp) in a periodic table heatscape style.
Image showing periodicity of the chemical elements for electronegativity (Mulliken-Jaffe - sp) in a spiral periodic table heatscape style.
Image showing periodicity of the chemical elements for electronegativity (Mulliken-Jaffe - sp) in a spiral periodic table heatscape style.
Image showing periodicity of the chemical elements for electronegativity (Mulliken-Jaffe - sp) in a 3D spiral periodic table column style.
Image showing periodicity of the chemical elements for electronegativity (Mulliken-Jaffe - sp) in a 3D spiral periodic table column style.
Image showing periodicity of the chemical elements for electronegativity (Mulliken-Jaffe - sp) in a 3D periodic table column style.
Image showing periodicity of the chemical elements for electronegativity (Mulliken-Jaffe - sp) in a 3D periodic table column style.

Units

Pauling scale

Notes

Values presented here are largely from reference 1. Mulliken's proposals are to be found in references 2 and 3. Tables of values are also given in references 4 and 5 as well.

You can look at visual representations of the various electronegativity scales using the following links.

Literature sources

  1. S.G. Bratsch, J. Chem. Ed., 1988, 65, 34.
  2. R.S. Mulliken, J. Chem. Phys., 1934, 2, 782.
  3. R.S. Mulliken, J. Chem. Phys., 1935, 3, 573.
  4. J.E. Huheey, E.A. Keiter, and R.L. Keiter in Inorganic Chemistry : Principles of Structure and Reactivity, 4th edition, HarperCollins, New York, USA, 1993.
  5. A.M. James and M.P. Lord in Macmillan's Chemical and Physical Data, Macmillan, London, UK, 1992.
Explore the element of your choice through this periodic table.
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1
H
2
He
3
Li
4
Be
5
B
6
C
7
N
8
O
9
F
10
Ne
11
Na
12
Mg
13
Al
14
Si
15
P
16
S
17
Cl
18
Ar
19
K
20
Ca
21
Sc
22
Ti
23
V
24
Cr
25
Mn
26
Fe
27
Co
28
Ni
29
Cu
30
Zn
31
Ga
32
Ge
33
As
34
Se
35
Br
36
Kr
37
Rb
38
Sr
39
Y
40
Zr
41
Nb
42
Mo
43
Tc
44
Ru
45
Rh
46
Pd
47
Ag
48
Cd
49
In
50
Sn
51
Sb
52
Te
53
I
54
Xe
55
Cs
56
Ba
 *
71
Lu
72
Hf
73
Ta
74
W
75
Re
76
Os
77
Ir
78
Pt
79
Au
80
Hg
81
Tl
82
Pb
83
Bi
84
Po
85
At
86
Rn
87
Fr
88
Ra
 **
103
Lr
104
Rf
105
Db
106
Sg
107
Bh
108
Hs
109
Mt
110
Ds
111
Rg
112
Cn
113
Nh
114
Fl
115
Mc
116
Lv
117
Ts
118
Og
 
*Lanthanoids *
57
La
58
Ce
59
Pr
60
Nd
61
Pm
62
Sm
63
Eu
64
Gd
65
Tb
66
Dy
67
Ho
68
Er
69
Tm
70
Yb
**Actinoids **
89
Ac
90
Th
91
Pa
92
U
93
Np
94
Pu
95
Am
96
Cm
97
Bk
98
Cf
99
Es
100
Fm
101
Md
102
No